Nydia Westman

Nydia Westman

Deceased · Born: Feb 19, 1902 · Died: May 23, 1970

Personal Details

BornFeb 19, 1902 New York City, New York, USA

Biography

Nydia Eileen Westman was a talented American actress and singer who had a successful career spanning stage, screen, and television. Born on February 19, 1902, in New York City, Westman was the daughter of Theodore and Lily (Wren) Westman, both of whom were active in vaudeville. Her parents' profession had a significant influence on her early life, and she even attended the Professional Children's School.

Westman's family was filled with individuals who were involved in the performing arts. Her sisters, Lolita and Neville, were actresses, while her brother, Theodore, was an actor and playwright who sadly passed away on November 20, 1927.

Westman's acting career began with episodic appearances on TV series such as That Girl and Dragnet, as well as uncredited bit roles in movies. However, she also appeared in some groundbreaking films, including Craig's Wife, which starred Rosalind Russell, and the first film version of Little Women.

Westman's screen debut came in the 1922 film Strange Justice, and she went on to appear in 31 films during the 1930s. Her role in the 1962-1963 ABC series Going My Way, in which she played the housekeeper Mrs. Featherstone, was particularly notable. The series starred Gene Kelly and Leo G. Carroll as Roman Catholic priests in New York City.

In addition to her work in film and television, Westman also had a successful career on stage. Her first Broadway play was Pigs in 1924, and her last was Midgie Purvis in 1961. One of her most notable stage roles was Nell in Samuel Beckett's Endgame, which she debuted off-Broadway and won one of the first Obie awards for.

Westman was married to producer Robert Sparks from 1930 until 1937 and had a daughter, actress Kate Williamson, born on September 19, 1931. Tragically, Westman passed away on May 23, 1970, at the age of sixty-eight due to cancer in Burbank, California.

Career

{"id":33304,"title":"Rabbit, Run","year":"1970","character":"Mrs. Smith","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/rabbit-run","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_33304.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_33304.jpg"},"released":1}
1970
Rabbit, Run
Rabbit, Run as Mrs. Smith
{"id":87194,"title":"Silent Night, Lonely Night","year":"1969","character":"Mae","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/silent-night-lonely-night","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_87194.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_87194.jpg"},"released":1}
1969
{"id":10380,"title":"Bewitched","year":1969,"character":"","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/bewitched","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_10380.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_10380.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":87525,"title":"The Reluctant Astronaut","year":"1967","character":"Aunt Zana","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-reluctant-astronaut","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_87525.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_87525.jpg"},"released":1}
1967
{"id":32539,"title":"The Swinger","year":"1966","character":"Aunt Cora","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-swinger","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/23kn7f1kjl9g.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/23kn7f1kjl9g.jpg"},"released":1}
1966
The Swinger
The Swinger as Aunt Cora
{"id":65416,"title":"The Ghost and Mr. Chicken","year":"1966","character":"Mrs. Cobb","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-ghost-and-mr-chicken","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_65416.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_65416.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":65368,"title":"The Chase","year":"1966","character":"Mrs. Henderson","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-chase-1966","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/7j8etffqt8r0.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/7j8etffqt8r0.jpg"},"released":1}
The Chase
The Chase as Mrs. Henderson
{"id":10351,"title":"That Girl","year":1966,"character":"","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/that-girl","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_10351.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_10351.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":10372,"title":"F Troop","year":1965,"character":"","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/f-troop","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_10372.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_10372.jpg"},"released":1}
1965
{"id":1842,"title":"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour","year":1964,"character":"Aunt Ida Maye","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/the-alfred-hitchcock-hour","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/1s0he7h9g7ag.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/1s0he7h9g7ag.jpg"},"released":1}
1964
{"id":65862,"title":"For Love or Money","year":"1963","character":"Milo's Wife","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/for-love-or-money-1963","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_65862.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_65862.jpg"},"released":1}
1963
For Love or Money
For Love or Money as Milo's Wife
{"id":173618,"title":"Don't Knock the Twist","year":"1962","character":"Amy","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/dont-knock-the-twist-1962","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_173618.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_173618.jpg"},"released":1}
1962
{"id":186635,"title":"Producers' Showcase","year":"1956","character":"Serena Applegate","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/producers-showcase-1956-1","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_186635.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_186635.jpg"},"released":1}
1956
Producers' Showcase
Producers' Showcase as Serena Applegate
{"id":103834779,"title":"The Philco Television Playhouse","year":1949,"character":"","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/the-philco-television-playhouse","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_103834779.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_103834779.jpg"},"released":1}
1949
{"id":69489,"title":"The Velvet Touch","year":"1948","character":"Susan Crane","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-velvet-touch","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_69489.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_69489.jpg"},"released":1}
1948
The Velvet Touch
The Velvet Touch as Susan Crane
{"id":69789,"title":"The Late George Apley","year":"1947","character":"Jane Willing","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-late-george-apley","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_69789.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_69789.jpg"},"released":1}
1947
{"id":70651,"title":"Her Primitive Man","year":"1944","character":"Aunt Penolope","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/her-primitive-man","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_70651.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_70651.jpg"},"released":1}
1944
Her Primitive Man
Her Primitive Man as Aunt Penolope
{"id":187269,"title":"Hers to Hold","year":"1943","character":"Nurse Willing","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/hers-to-hold","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_187269.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_187269.jpg"},"released":1}
1943
Hers to Hold
Hers to Hold as Nurse Willing
{"id":70919,"title":"Princess O'Rourke","year":"1943","character":"Mrs. Bowers (uncredited)","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/princess-orourke-1943","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_70919.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_70919.jpg"},"released":1}
Princess O'Rourke
Princess O'Rourke as Mrs. Bowers (uncredited)
{"id":71185,"title":"They All Kissed the Bride","year":"1942","character":"Lewis, M.J.'s Secretary","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/they-all-kissed-the-bride","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_71185.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_71185.jpg"},"released":1}
1942
They All Kissed the Bride
They All Kissed the Bride as Lewis, M.J.'s Secretary
{"id":71210,"title":"The Remarkable Andrew","year":"1942","character":"Miss Van Buren","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-remarkable-andrew","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_71210.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_71210.jpg"},"released":1}
The Remarkable Andrew
The Remarkable Andrew as Miss Van Buren
{"id":71557,"title":"The Bad Man","year":"1941","character":"Angela Hardy","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-bad-man","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_71557.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_71557.jpg"},"released":1}
1941
The Bad Man
The Bad Man as Angela Hardy
{"id":83072,"title":"The Chocolate Soldier","year":"1941","character":"Liesel - Maid","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-chocolate-soldier","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_83072.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_83072.jpg"},"released":1}
The Chocolate Soldier
The Chocolate Soldier as Liesel - Maid
{"id":71807,"title":"Forty Little Mothers","year":"1940","character":"Madamoiselle Cynthia Cliche","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/forty-little-mothers","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_71807.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_71807.jpg"},"released":1}
1940
Forty Little Mothers
Forty Little Mothers as Madamoiselle Cynthia Cliche
{"id":71944,"title":"Hullabaloo","year":"1940","character":"Lulu Perkins","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/hullabaloo","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_71944.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_71944.jpg"},"released":1}
Hullabaloo
Hullabaloo as Lulu Perkins
{"id":72169,"title":"The Cat and the Canary","year":"1939","character":"Cicily","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-cat-and-the-canary","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_72169.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_72169.jpg"},"released":1}
1939
{"id":72765,"title":"The First Hundred Years","year":"1938","character":"Midge","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-first-hundred-years","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_72765.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_72765.jpg"},"released":1}
1938
{"id":72598,"title":"Bulldog Drummond's Peril","year":"1938","character":"Gwen Longworth","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/bulldog-drummonds-peril-1938","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_72598.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_72598.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":72650,"title":"The Goldwyn Follies","year":"1938","character":"Ada","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-goldwyn-follies","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_72650.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_72650.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":73011,"title":"Bulldog Drummond's Revenge","year":"1937","character":"Gwen Longworth","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/bulldog-drummonds-revenge-1937","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_73011.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_73011.jpg"},"released":1}
1937
{"id":95319,"title":"Three Live Ghosts","year":"1936","character":"Peggy 'Peg' Woofers","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/three-live-ghosts-1936","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_95319.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_95319.jpg"},"released":1}
1936
Three Live Ghosts
Three Live Ghosts as Peggy 'Peg' Woofers
{"id":73661,"title":"Rose Bowl","year":"1936","character":"Susie Reynolds","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/rose-bowl","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_73661.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_73661.jpg"},"released":1}
Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl as Susie Reynolds
{"id":73367,"title":"Craig's Wife","year":"1936","character":"Mazie","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/craigs-wife-1936","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_73367.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_73367.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":73360,"title":"The Invisible Ray","year":"1936","character":"Briggs (uncredited)","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-invisible-ray","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_73360.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_73360.jpg"},"released":1}
The Invisible Ray
The Invisible Ray as Briggs (uncredited)
{"id":72564,"title":"The Gorgeous Hussy","year":"1936","character":"Maybelle","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-gorgeous-hussy","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_72564.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_72564.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":73897,"title":"A Feather in Her Hat","year":"1935","character":"Emily Judson","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/a-feather-in-her-hat","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_73897.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_73897.jpg"},"released":1}
1935
A Feather in Her Hat
A Feather in Her Hat as Emily Judson
{"id":74425,"title":"Two Alone","year":"1934","character":"Corie","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/two-alone","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_74425.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_74425.jpg"},"released":1}
1934
Two Alone
Two Alone as Corie
{"id":74295,"title":"Sweet Adeline","year":"1934","character":"Nellie","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/sweet-adeline","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_74295.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_74295.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":74358,"title":"Manhattan Love Song","year":"1934","character":"Annette","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/manhattan-love-song","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_74358.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_74358.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":74219,"title":"One Night of Love","year":"1934","character":"Muriel","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/one-night-of-love","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_74219.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_74219.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":74342,"title":"Success at Any Price","year":"1934","character":"Dinah McCabe","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/success-at-any-price","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_74342.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_74342.jpg"},"released":1}
Success at Any Price
Success at Any Price as Dinah McCabe
{"id":96857,"title":"Ladies Should Listen","year":"1934","character":"Susie Flamberg","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/ladies-should-listen","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_96857.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_96857.jpg"},"released":1}
Ladies Should Listen
Ladies Should Listen as Susie Flamberg
{"id":74647,"title":"Cradle Song","year":"1933","character":"Sister Sagrario","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/cradle-song","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_74647.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_74647.jpg"},"released":1}
1933
Cradle Song
Cradle Song as Sister Sagrario
{"id":74611,"title":"King of the Jungle","year":"1933","character":"Sue","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/king-of-the-jungle-1933","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_74611.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_74611.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":74487,"title":"From Hell to Heaven","year":"1933","character":"Sue Wells","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/from-hell-to-heaven","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_74487.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_74487.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":14201,"title":"Little Women","year":"1933","character":"Mamie","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/little-women-1933","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_14201.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_14201.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":75067,"title":"Manhattan Tower","year":"1932","character":"Miss Wood","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/manhattan-tower","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_75067.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_75067.jpg"},"released":1}
1932
Manhattan Tower
Manhattan Tower as Miss Wood