Joseph Ruskin

Joseph Ruskin

Deceased · Born: Apr 14, 1924 · Died: Dec 28, 2013

Personal Details

BornApr 14, 1924 Haverhill, Massachusetts, USA
Spouse
  • Barbara Greene

    ( May 24, 1992 to Dec 28, 2013 )
  • Patricia Herd

    ( Sep 9, 1968 to Nov 28, 1979 )

Biography

Joseph Ruskin is an American character actor born on April 14, 1924. He is one of only four actors or actresses to have appeared in both the original Star Trek series and its spin-offs, including Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. Additionally, he is one of only four actors to have appeared in both the original Star Trek series and Star Trek: Enterprise. Ruskin also played a Vulcan Master in an episode of Star Trek: Voyager. His extensive filmography includes an episode of The Outer Limits, titled "Production and Decay of Strange Particles", as well as the movie Smokin' Aces.

Ruskin is also notable for his work in the television series The Twilight Zone, where he voiced the Kanamits in the episode "To Serve Man" and played the role of the Genie in the 1960 episode "The Man in the Bottle". In his personal life, Ruskin was married to Patricia Herd from 1959 to 1976.

Career

{"id":80,"title":"Smokin' Aces","year":"2006","character":"Primo Sparazza","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/smokin-aces","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/cf9jns47r2o0.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/cf9jns47r2o0.jpg"},"released":1}
2006
Smokin' Aces
Smokin' Aces as Primo Sparazza
{"id":151897,"title":"Diamond Zero","year":"2005","character":"Quentin Leeds","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/diamond-zero","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_151897.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_151897.jpg"},"released":1}
2005
Diamond Zero
Diamond Zero as Quentin Leeds
{"id":84852,"title":"Wishcraft","year":"2002","character":"Taxidermist","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/wishcraft","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_84852.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_84852.jpg"},"released":1}
2002
Wishcraft
Wishcraft as Taxidermist
{"id":2894,"title":"The Scorpion King","year":"2002","character":"Tribal Leader","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-scorpion-king","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/gso7qgiqcfk0.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/gso7qgiqcfk0.jpg"},"released":1}
The Scorpion King
The Scorpion King as Tribal Leader
{"id":23990,"title":"King Cobra","year":"1999","character":"Dr. Irwin Burns","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/king-cobra","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_23990.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_23990.jpg"},"released":1}
1999
King Cobra
King Cobra as Dr. Irwin Burns
{"id":5972,"title":"Star Trek: Insurrection","year":"1998","character":"Son'a Officer #3","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/star-trek-insurrection","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/5r0ucimcc2f0.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/5r0ucimcc2f0.jpg"},"released":1}
1998
Star Trek: Insurrection
Star Trek: Insurrection as Son'a Officer #3
{"id":2391,"title":"Star Trek: Voyager","year":1998,"character":"Vulcan Master","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/star-trek-voyager","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/16teh874ec00.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/16teh874ec00.jpg"},"released":1}
Star Trek: Voyager
Star Trek: Voyager as Vulcan Master
{"id":854,"title":"Spider-Man: The Animated Series","year":1995,"character":"Lewald (voice)","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/spider-man-the-animated-series","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/1ahd88f22nj8.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/1ahd88f22nj8.jpg"},"released":1}
1995
{"id":14977,"title":"Cyber Tracker","year":"1994","character":"J. Craig Rounds","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/cyber-tracker","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_14977.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_14977.jpg"},"released":1}
1994
Cyber Tracker
Cyber Tracker as J. Craig Rounds
{"id":57266,"title":"The Criminal Mind","year":"1993","character":"Manny Kohen","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-criminal-mind","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_57266.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_57266.jpg"},"released":1}
1993
The Criminal Mind
The Criminal Mind as Manny Kohen
{"id":176996,"title":"Deadly Exposure","year":"1993","character":"Abe","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/deadly-exposure-1993","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_176996.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_176996.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":58096,"title":"Firepower","year":"1993","character":"Drexal","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/firepower-1993","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_58096.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_58096.jpg"},"released":1}
Firepower
Firepower as Drexal
{"id":4773,"title":"Indecent Proposal","year":"1993","character":"Pit Boss","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/indecent-proposal","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/94lgbo9ab4g0.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/94lgbo9ab4g0.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":173116,"title":"Original Sin","year":"1989","character":"","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/original-sin-1989","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_173116.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_173116.jpg"},"released":1}
1989
{"id":61059,"title":"Saturday the 14th Strikes Back","year":"1988","character":"Kharis","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/saturday-the-14th-strikes-back","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_61059.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_61059.jpg"},"released":1}
1988
{"id":741,"title":"DuckTales","year":1987,"character":"","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/ducktales-1987","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/2t9htv9qtb8g.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/2t9htv9qtb8g.jpg"},"released":1}
1987
{"id":6347,"title":"Prizzi's Honor","year":"1985","character":"Marxie Heller","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/prizzis-honor","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_6347.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_6347.jpg"},"released":1}
1985
Prizzi's Honor
Prizzi's Honor as Marxie Heller
{"id":8493,"title":"Airwolf","year":1984,"character":"Cooper","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/airwolf","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_8493.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_8493.jpg"},"released":1}
1984
Airwolf
Airwolf as Cooper
{"id":1060,"title":"Knight Rider","year":1984,"character":"Bubba","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/knight-rider-1982","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/4jtjii8c8ib0.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/4jtjii8c8ib0.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":25550,"title":"The Man Who Wasn't There","year":"1983","character":"Hassan Khaffri","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-man-who-wasnt-there","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_25550.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_25550.jpg"},"released":1}
1983
{"id":6174,"title":"The Sword and the Sorcerer","year":"1982","character":"Malcolm","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-sword-and-the-sorcerer","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/1cisajru2hhg.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/1cisajru2hhg.jpg"},"released":1}
1982
{"id":63762,"title":"The Munsters' Revenge","year":"1981","character":"Paulo","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-munsters-revenge-1981","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_63762.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_63762.jpg"},"released":1}
1981
{"id":163299,"title":"Power","year":"1980","character":"Bill Davis","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/power-1980","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_163299.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_163299.jpg"},"released":1}
1980
Power
Power as Bill Davis
{"id":85960,"title":"Captain America","year":"1979","character":"Rudy Sandrini","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/captain-america-1979","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_85960.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_85960.jpg"},"released":1}
1979
Captain America
Captain America as Rudy Sandrini
{"id":10177,"title":"The Bionic Woman","year":1976,"character":"","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/the-bionic-woman","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_10177.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_10177.jpg"},"released":1}
1976
{"id":818,"title":"The Six Million Dollar Man","year":1974,"character":"Le Duc","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/the-six-million-dollar-man","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/37qh8t2j1p10.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/37qh8t2j1p10.jpg"},"released":1}
1974
{"id":1222,"title":"Planet of the Apes","year":1974,"character":"","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/planet-of-the-apes","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_1222.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_1222.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":1878,"title":"The Streets of San Francisco","year":1974,"character":"","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/the-streets-of-san-francisco","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_1878.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_1878.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":165523,"title":"Banyon","year":"1971","character":"Carl Horner","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/banyon","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_165523.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_165523.jpg"},"released":1}
1971
Banyon
Banyon as Carl Horner
{"id":10297,"title":"Night Gallery","year":1971,"character":"","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/night-gallery","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_10297.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_10297.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":10339,"title":"The High Chaparral","year":1969,"character":"Ainsworth Pardee","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/the-high-chaparral","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_10339.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_10339.jpg"},"released":1}
1969
The High Chaparral
The High Chaparral as Ainsworth Pardee
{"id":1395,"title":"Land of the Giants","year":1968,"character":"Carlos","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/land-of-the-giants","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_1395.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_1395.jpg"},"released":1}
1968
{"id":504,"title":"Star Trek","year":1967,"character":"Galt","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/star-trek","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/3evu86m820c0.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/3evu86m820c0.jpg"},"released":1}
1967
{"id":6609,"title":"Mission: Impossible","year":1967,"character":"King Ibn Borca","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/mission-impossible-1966","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/71i0juhg5ud0.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/71i0juhg5ud0.jpg"},"released":1}
Mission: Impossible
Mission: Impossible as King Ibn Borca
{"id":10350,"title":"The Time Tunnel","year":1966,"character":"Sardis","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/the-time-tunnel","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/2e5eptd1u73g.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/2e5eptd1u73g.jpg"},"released":1}
1966
{"id":10366,"title":"Get Smart","year":1965,"character":"","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/get-smart-1965","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_10366.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_10366.jpg"},"released":1}
1965
{"id":26563,"title":"Robin and the 7 Hoods","year":"1964","character":"Twitch","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/robin-and-the-7-hoods","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_26563.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_26563.jpg"},"released":1}
1964
{"id":65906,"title":"Diary of a Madman","year":"1963","character":"The Horla (voice)","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/diary-of-a-madman","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_65906.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_65906.jpg"},"released":1}
1963
Diary of a Madman
Diary of a Madman as The Horla (voice)
{"id":103831566,"title":"The Outer Limits","year":1963,"character":"Collins","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/the-outer-limits","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/1jmack0kfa18.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/1jmack0kfa18.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":8689,"title":"Mister Ed","year":1963,"character":"","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/mister-ed","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_8689.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_8689.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":10405,"title":"Gunsmoke","year":1961,"character":"Judge","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/gunsmoke","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_10405.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_10405.jpg"},"released":1}
1961
Gunsmoke
Gunsmoke as Judge
{"id":82306,"title":"Hell Bent for Leather","year":"1960","character":"Shad","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/hell-bent-for-leather","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_82306.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_82306.jpg"},"released":1}
1960
{"id":82298,"title":"The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond","year":"1960","character":"Matt Moran","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-rise-and-fall-of-legs-diamond","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/movie_82298.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/movie_82298.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":12510,"title":"The Magnificent Seven","year":"1960","character":"Flynn","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/movie\/the-magnificent-seven","type":"movie","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/rb6i7bta0m40.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/movies\/poster\/rb6i7bta0m40.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":10455,"title":"The Twilight Zone","year":1960,"character":"Genie","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/the-twilight-zone-1959","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/24g2krjs3n00.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/24g2krjs3n00.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":10470,"title":"Black Saddle","year":1959,"character":"Guard","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/black-saddle","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_10470.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_10470.jpg"},"released":1}
1959
{"id":10472,"title":"Law of the Plainsman","year":1959,"character":"Crow","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/law-of-the-plainsman","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/thumbs\/show_10472.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/thumbs\/show_10472.jpg"},"released":1}
{"id":10398,"title":"Wanted: Dead or Alive","year":1959,"character":"Gus Vogel","permalink":"https:\/\/streamtheatre.com\/us\/show\/wanted-dead-or-alive","type":"show","srcset":{"1x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/90x135\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/61pf7v3mvnr0.jpg","2x":"https:\/\/img.streamtheatre.com\/img\/180x270\/images\/fanart\/shows\/poster\/61pf7v3mvnr0.jpg"},"released":1}